False failure returns are products that are returned by consumers to retailers with no functional orcosmetic defect. The cost of a false failure return includes the processing actions of testing,refurbishing if necessary, repackaging, the loss in value during the time the product spends in...

Carbon emissions reduction initiatives have received considerable attention at the corporate level. Companies such as Daimler, Apple, and Amazon have publicly declared their goal of becoming carbon neutral or “net zero” in a near future. They are responding to a growing demand for...