The effect of London's congestion charge on the retail sector has aroused considerable interest since the introduction of the scheme in February 2003. We investigate the impact of the congestion charge using a variety of econometric models applied to a total retail sales index for central London...

On 17 February 2003, London introduced a pioneering congestion-charging scheme. The impact on traffic was sudden and dramatic.For example, car movements within the congestion-charging zone (21km2) were reduced by about 30%. However, the impact on otheractivities, such as retail business within...

On 17 February 2003, London introduced a pioneering congestion-charging scheme. The impact on traffic was sudden and dramatic. For example, car movements within the congestion-charging zone (21 km2) were reduced by about 30%. However, the impact on other activities, such as retail business...

Spatially disaggregate Enumeration District (ED) level data for London is used in an analysis of various area-wide factors on road casualties. Data on 15335 EDs was input into a geographic information system (GIS) that contained data on road characteristics, public transport accessibility,...

Count data are primarily categorised as cross-sectional, time series, and panel. Over the past decade,Poisson and Negative Binomial (NB) models have been used widely to analyse cross-sectional and timeseries count data, and random effect and fixed effect Poisson and NB models have been used to...

This article develops an econometric analysis of metro station operating cost to identifyfactors that create variation in cost efficiency. Stations operating cost can be classifiedamong the semifixed costs that a metro faces in the sense that they do not varyproportionately with metro output....