Das ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, München, das Frauenhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung -ISI, Karlsruhe, sowie das Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung (IAW), Tübingen, haben in einem Gemeinschaftsgutachten den Strukturwandel in und zwischen den...

High technology is not a well-defined issue in economics. In this paper, it is divided into very high R&D-intensive, so-called 'leading-edge', and 'high-level' technology, i.e. above-average R&D-intensive products. The similarity of exports and imports in both subdivisions of high technology is...

Innovation literature centres more on technical advance and less on scientific change. In this paper the scientific basis comes under specific scrutiny. The empirical part consists of a case study of the laser market and the particularly interesting laser medicine submarket. A new measurement...

The paper reviews models of innovation diffusion as the basis for a methodology to analyse business cases for new products and processes. The review is based on a categorization of the models' hypotheses and assumptions. The proposed analytical approach has three steps: First, qualitative...

The paper examines the utility of science and technology (S&T) indicators for the evaluation of research and development (R&D) programmes. The main objective is to contribute to improved evaluation by quantitative information not being provided by the supported institutions or persons. Thus, S&T...

New operational definitions of incremental innovation, standard innovation, and radical innovation, are constructed using our ‘technometric benchmarking’ model. Based on this definition, optimal incremental innovation is formulated as a linear programming problem. The model is illustrated by...

The basic juridical problems of patents are explained in order to identify systematic restrictions of the legal protection and thus of patent indicators. The analysis focuses on patents for plants and animals as a central part of innovations in agro-related biotechnology. A statistical...

How efficiently do countries translate scientific and technological excellence into export comparative advantage? Here the use of science and technology in generating exports is first modelled as a two-stage process. A variant of linear programming (data envelopment analysis, DEA) is then...