Using panel data, we find evidence for significant direct and indirect effects of trade on carbon emissions. Trade tends to increase the emissions burden, especially in those less industrialized countries. We also find evidence for a U-shaped relationship between income per capita and carbon...

Conventional explanations of rapid growth in East Asia have focused on the efficient allocation of resources resulting from market-led outward-oriented strategies. This study challenges that approach. East Asian success has centred around the accumulation dynamic both because of its direct...