GRAY M., GOLOB E. and MARKUSEN A. (1996) Big firms, long arms, wide shoulders: the 'hub-and-spoke' industrial district in the Seattle region, Reg. Studies 30, 651-666. Rapidly growing regions exhibit distinct varieties of industrial district structure. One variant is the hub-and-spoke form,...

Silicon Valley has been admired and much emulated as an American version of a new industrial district based on its heavily networked, small-firm, innovative electronics sector. This industrial structure has been argued to give the region a uniquely cooperative, flexible, and dynamic structure....

Despite a high concentration of brainpower and federally funded research, some universities have been unable to translate these assets into regionally based economic activity. The author uses an ethnographic method interviewing university officials and academic entrepreneurs in New York City,...