In this paper, the authors present a methodology for measuring the effects of economic policy where expectations are forward-looking. The methodology is then applied to the National Institute model, version 11; in this version, expectational variables appear in several key equations and the model...

There is a well-established methodology for measuring the effects of economic policy in a model that is `causal' or backward-looking. In this paper a complementary methodology is described for the case in which the model is `non-causal' or forward-looking. The methodology is then applied to an...