Public-sector policy design is inherently complex: there are multiple stakeholders, multiple objectives, and ambiguous or unknown evidence regarding effective policy interventions. One response to this problem is the design of decision support systems (DSS) to help ordinary citizens as well as...

The City of Pittsburgh is facing a severe financial crisis and seeks strategies to reduce expenditures while maintaining an acceptable quality of services. Currently the Bureau of Fire accounts for nearly twenty percent of the City’s expenses, and evidence from cities of similar size to...