A 20% price gap between national brands and private labels is generally asserted in literature. We show that the evolution of this price gap, in recent years, questioned this assertion. We explain this by a combination of competition and the evolution of French institutional rules. Nevertheless,...

In this article, we investigate the relative performances of company-owned outlets vs. franchised outlets using an original database consisting of 150 units of a French chain. At first glance, the financial and quality performances of company-owned units are better than franchised units....

We study the traditional described price gap between national brands and private labels. First, we present several observations relating to the evolution of this price gap on recent years, and emphasize the role played by the competitive game and the French institutional game in the dynamic of...