With rapid urbanization, land use change has shown a close negative relationship with ecosystem services, especially in urban agglomerations. Thus, rational urban planning involving key ecosystem services (ESs) in highly urbanized areas has become urgent and crucial in urban ecology and urban...

We study merger waves in vertically related industries where firms can engage in both vertical and horizontal mergers. Even though any individual merger would have been profitable, firms may refrain from merging for fear of negative impacts from other mergers. When they do merge, however, they...

This paper investigates optimal contracts between risk-neutral parties when both exert efforts and the agent faces limited liability. It is shown that a simple share-or-nothing with bonus contract (SonBo for short) is optimal and implements the second-best outcome, i.e., the best possible...

We study incentives for innovations that enable firms to enter backward into the input market. Such innovations are disruptive in that they lead to structural changes and even reversal of supply-customer relationships. We first show that Arrow's replacement effect is also present in our vertical...

As computer science and complex network theory develop, non-cooperative games and their formation and application on complex networks have been important research topics. In the inter-firm innovation network, it is a typical game behavior for firms to invest in their alliance partners....