Summary We use panel data consisting of 96 countries and covering the period 1960-2000 to investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) and hub-and-spoke systems of FTA on exports. Our empirical results imply an annual growth rate of 5.57% in exports and hence a doubling of exports...

In contrast to the existing offshoring literature that typically views foreign outsourcing and integration as alternative strategies, the simultaneous use of these two offshoring strategies by multinational firms becomes common practice in many countries. In this paper, we employ bivariate...

How students should be allocated to schools to achieve educational goals is one of important debates on the construction of school systems. Promoters of comprehensive and selective school systems fail to reach a consensus on implications of each system for efficiency and equity of education....

Extending Krugman (1991)'s economic geography model, this paper examines a stability of an industrial structure resulting from production shifting-in effect of a formation of regional trade agreements. This paper claims that non-higher external trade costs against non-member countries may need...

This paper examines the welfare implications of an existence of free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) in the GATT system, in the presence of cross-foreign ownership among countries. In particular, two GATT regimes are analyzed: a pure GATT regime without any regional free trade...

This paper investigates the welfare implications of an existence of a free trade agreement (FTA) and a customs union (CU) within the GATT. Two types of GATT regimes are considered in a completely symmetric world: a pure GATT regime without any type of the regional trade agreements (RTAs), and a...

We analyze an interaction between a firm’s choice of organizational structure and competition in the product-market. Two organizational structures are considered, namely a centralized-organization, whereby formal authority is retained by a principal, and a decentralized-organization, whereby...