Climate regulations tend to target energy intensive sectors whose products are widely used in industrial production as intermediate inputs, such as electricity, and the carbon abatement may be partially offset by intermediate input-led leakage. This paper aims to examine the impact of...

In a behavioural equilibrium exchange rate model, this study investigates the movements of the real exchange rate of the Hong Kong dollar under the currency board arrangement from 1984 to 1998. Cointegration analysis based on Johansen approach is applied to derive the equilibrium real exchange...

In the process of China's foreign exchange reform, the so-called swap market was a key element. Despite the problems it caused, notably those associated with a dual exchange rate, the paper argues that the swap market proved to be a useful transition mechanism for China's foreign exchange...