Throughout the turbulence in the international financial system, eastern Caribbean countries have enjoyed remarkable monetary and economic stability. This paper attempts to characterize the types of structural shocks in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) and other countries in the...

Summary In this paper, we explore the features of the CFA franc zone and compare them to those of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) by operationalizing the criteria for an optimum currency area. A structural vector autoregression method is used in modeling national outputs as determined by...

The effects of calcium ions (Ca2+) on anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) fouling of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) in polymer-flooding wastewater (PFW) treatment by electrodialysis were systematically investigated by associating the desalination performance and physicochemical and electrochemical...