In a number of settings, insurance contracts specify a fixed reimbursement in the event of a loss which is not conditioned on the size of the realized loss. In this article, we explore the theoretical properties of this form of insurance and draw comparisons with other types of insurance...

Within the intensive care environment, large data-bases exist, recording patient, ICU, and hospital details. For the last 20 years, a number of competing algorithms have been developed to generate risk-adjusted outcomes for patients; the most well known is the APACHE II (acute physiology and...