Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find out whether under sanctions, Iran’s trade direction has shifted from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) toward Asia (trade policy of Asianization). Design/methodology/approach The paper conducts three panel data estimations (FE, RE, and...

This paper examines optimal trade policy in a two-period oligopoly model, with a home and a foreign firm choosing capital and output. Demand uncertainty, resolved in period two, gives rise to a trade-off between strategic commitment and flexibility in the firms’ investment decisions. When the...

This paper analyzes the effects of European Community trade policy towards the car market, in a formal model in which the motor industry is treated as an imperfectly competitive industry with economies of scale in production. Voluntary restrictions on exports of Japanese cars to Community...