Purpose Providers of cloud computing storage services (CCSS) charge offers in several unit bundles for a lump sum per bundle. This non-linear pricing approach is known as a bucket-pricing plan (BPP). If a customer exploits the purchased bucket, he/she can opt for the next higher bucket or...

Purpose – To address formally the issue of uncertainty in valuing real estate. Design/methodology/approach – Monte Carlo simulations are used to incorporate the uncertainty of valuation parameters. The probability distributions of the various parameters are constructed using empirical data...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose and discuss practical approaches on how to address risk and uncertainty within valuation reports, particularly when there is only insufficient comparable transaction evidence available. Design/methodology/approach – A four stage approach to...

Purpose – An acute need exists for a practical quantitative risk management‐based real estate investment underwriting methodology that clearly helps guide decision making and addresses the shortcomings of discounted cash flow (DCF) modeling by evaluating the full range of probable outcomes....

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to deal with the appropriateness of using the Monte Carlo simulation as a technique to calculate risk in real estate development. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is divided into two interlinked segments. The first segment examines the general...

With asset liability management (ALM), all the relevant asset and liability classes are managed in an integrated fashion. We describe an ALM model for housing associations. This model uses simulation to show the development of a housing association, usually measured as solvency and...

Purpose – This paper aims to show that the accuracy of real estate portfolio valuations and of real estate risk management can be improved through the simultaneous use of Monte Carlo simulations and options theory. Design/methodology/approach – The authors' method considers the options...

Purpose – This paper is intended to test the robustness of the fitness of nested GARCH models. Design/methodology/approach – Both Monte‐Carlo simulation data and real‐world data are used in the paper. Likelihood‐family tests are used to test in‐sample fitness, while mean‐squared...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a feasible model for the daily average temperatures of Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, in order to price temperature‐based weather derivatives; also to derive analytical approximation formulas for the sensitivities of these contracts....

Purpose – Value-at-risk (VaR) is a risk measure of potential loss on a specific portfolio. The main uses of VaR are in risk management and financial reporting. Researchers are continuously looking for new and efficient ways to evaluate VaR, and the 2008 financial crisis has given further...