This paper analyses the most widely applied correlation approaches in finance. We first discuss primarily bottom-up approaches, as correlating Brownian motions (Heston 1993), the binomial correlation approach (Lucas 1995), Copulas (Sklar 1959, Li 2000), lattice models with dynamic copulas...

Infinitesimal sensitivities, computed as derivatives of pricing functions, are useful to find high-frequency hedge ratios. However, they are less useful for the purpose of optimising 2-week VaR, especially if one includes shocks from stressed periods, as is required for applications to margin...

Banks hold and routinely exercise the option of freely re-hypothecating variation margin across counterparties and trades. However, the emerging FCA/FBA standards for funding cost accounting are mostly formulated in terms of netting set specific metrics that fail to properly account for...

Banking operations are being rewired around a pair of KVA/FVA metrics which quantify market incompleteness, i.e. the impossibility of perfect replication. The FVA is the cost of funding of debt liabilities while the KVA is the risk adjustment for equity liabilities, also called cost of capital....

We introduce an innovative theoretical framework for the valuation and replication of derivative transactions between defaultable entities based on the principle of arbitrage freedom. Our framework extends the traditional formulations based on credit and debit valuation adjustments (CVA and...

The ongoing controversy about whether or not the FVA and KVA should be an adjustment to fair valuation originates from the attempt to shoehorn metrics quantifying market incompleteness into the traditional valuation paradigm based on complete markets. After reviewing the concept of fair...

Implementations of the Standard Initial Margin Model (SIMM) and the Sensitivity Based Approach (SBA) in the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB), both call for the calculation of sensitivities with respect to a standardised set of risk factors. Since standard factors are generally...

We recently introduced the FVA/FDA accounting framework for funding costs, aiming to provide an accounting method that reasonably balances the, often conflicting, concerns of accountants, regulators, traders, and financial economists. While introduction of FVA/FDA accounting does not lead to...

Partial differential equation (PDE) pricing methods such as backward and forward induction are typically implemented as unconditionally marginally stable algorithms in double precision for individual transactions. In this paper, we reconsider this strategy and argue that optimal GPU...

By halting the LIBOR's publication, large volumes of fixed income securities, from loans to derivatives, will fall back to an alternative fixing reference. The initial proposal of a SOFR fallback eliminated any degree of subjectivity but opened up funding risk. Overlaying a credit spread over...