This is a paper about the economics of the Battle of Lepando (Nafpaktos) in Greece during the year 1571, when the Western League entered into a decisive naval battle with the Ottomans. The western ships, with the help of Greeks, won this naval Battle. In this naval battle the Western League...

Research contains many ancient texts (Ancient Greek, Hebrews, Hieroglyphs, Assyrian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Latin, etc.). 1. (MICRO-MACRO ECONOMICS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (5 vols + cdrom). Microeconomics and macroeconomics of Alexander the Great. Economic theories, feasibilities, economic...

This is a paper about the economics of the Battle of Lepando (Nafpaktos) in Greece during the year 1571, when the Western League entered into a decisive naval battle with the Ottomans. The western ships, with the help of Greeks, won this naval Battle. In this naval battle the Western League...

Research contains many ancient texts (Ancient Greek, Hebrews, Hieroglyphs, Assyrian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Latin, etc.). 1. (MICRO-MACRO ECONOMICS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (5 vols + cdrom). Microeconomics and macroeconomics of Alexander the Great. Economic theories, feasibilities, economic...

Cost analysis of Columbus' first trip to America. The total cost was about 2.000.000 maravedis (1 ounce of gold = 300 maravedis) and have been financed by the king and Quinn of Spain, Greeks, Colombus family, people from Spain, Portugal, Italy and England. (1 dinero = 1,5 maraveids and 1 ducat =...

The current crisis has triggered significant debate concerning economic theory and policy. Largely absent from this debate is an informed discussion of the methods used by economists in analysing the economy and formulating their proposals. But method matters. Here I argue that current academic...

In 1306, at the peak of a severe financial and monetary crisis, Philippe the Fair expelled the Jews from his kingdom, declared himself creditor of their debts, seized their property and auctioned it off. Was this a clever move, financially speaking? Did Philippe gain more, by killing the goose...

Lack of evidence has been the major obstacle to understanding trends and differences in human welfare over the millennia. This paper explains and applies methods that are obscure to most academics and essentially unknown to the general public. A millennial perspective is best obtained from...

There is a rich scholarly literature on sovereign default on external debt. Comparatively little is known about sovereign defaults on domestic debt. Even today, cross-country data on domestic public debt remains curiously exotic, particularly prior to the 1980s. We have filled this gap in the...

Between 1660 and 1830, Parliament passed thousands of acts restructuring rights to real and equitable estates. These estate acts enabled individuals and families to sell, mortgage, lease, exchange, and improve land previously bound by inheritance rules and other legal legacies. The loosening of...