This paper aims to provide guidance to issuers of sovereign ESG bonds, with a focus on Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs). An overview of the ESG financing options available to sovereign issuers is followed by an analysis of the operational requirements and costs that the issuance...

The European Union welfare states can no longer ignore the environment in which individuals live (work, home, leisure) since it partly determines the factors affecting their health and wider well-being. It is therefore essential for EU member States and bodies to both adopt and adapt the...

Ecological systems (ecosystems, for short) are complex systems of interacting species, plants and animals, where each of the species consists of individual organisms that interact with organisms of the same or other species in various ways: they compete for scare resources and they are involved...

From the negotiations of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, environmental issues become ever more applicants in the international agenda and in the various multilateral agendas, not just as questions of environmental protection, but mainly sustainable development,...

Many studies examine the effect of environmental values on environmental behavior. In such empirical analyses it is typically at least implicitly assumed that environmental values are independent of economic preferences from behavioral economics like risk and time preferences, trust, or...

In a democratic system, policy makers have to take the preferences of the citizens into account. Since we live in a world with scarce resources, one is asked to make choices regarding the use and management of these resources. In this context, if policy makers decide to invest in the protection...

The escalating impacts of climate change on coastal regions stress the urgency for effective adaptation strategies, particularly for the case of high-risk countries such as Bangladesh. Naturebased solutions, grey and mixed coastal infrastructure offer promising solutions for addressing these...

From the economic literature on the relationship between economic growth and environment pioneered by Grossman and Krueger (1991) and Shafik and Bandyopadhyay (1992) we first conduct a theoretical and critical reflection on the existence of a Kuznets curve for biodiversity. It appears that...