The energy crisis has become a crucial issue. The rapid depletion of the fossil fuels has driven the world to utilize renewable energy (RE) sources. To develop RE industries, the Malaysian government has been continuously reviewing its energy policy and undertaking intensive efforts to ensure...

Similarity between the properties of biodiesel and petroleum-derived diesel has made the former one of the most promising alternatives to a renewable and sustainable fuel for the transportation sector. In Malaysia, palm oil can be a suitable feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its...

The world has been relying on fossil fuels as its primary source of energy. This unsustainable energy source is not going to last long and thus, gradual shift towards green renewable energy should be practiced. In Malaysia, even though fossil fuel dominates the energy production, renewable...

For the past few decades, palm oil has gone through a revolution that few would have predicted. From a humble source of edible oil that was heavily criticized as being un-healthy and un-fit for human consumption, it has proven itself based on scientific findings that it is indeed one of the most...

In this review, the potential of supercritical fluids (SCF) as a sustainable route for biodiesel production was discussed and compared with conventional catalytic reactions. Although the advantages of catalyst-free SCF process are apparent, there are concerns regarding the huge energy required...

The utilization of CO2 for the production of useful chemicals using heterogeneous catalysts is one of the ways to reduce the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In many cases, the CO2 conversion and products yield are still considered very low and need to be operated at high...

Biodiesel is a good alternative fuel to petroleum diesel. It is produced through transesterification reaction between vegetable oil or animal fats and alcohol. The process faces various problems related to the immiscible nature of the reactants causing poor mass transfer rate. This drawback is...

Southeast Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to the global warming threats. Although it is not the main global carbon dioxide (CO2) producer, its emission will become significant if there is no action taken. CO2 sources of Southeast Asia are mainly contributed by electricity and heat...

Global warming and the associated changes in the world climate pattern have been accepted world wide as the gravest threat to humanity in the 20th century. To mitigate the impacts of global warming, the Kyoto Protocol was established in 1997 with the objective of reducing global greenhouse gases...