Biodiesel is a good alternative fuel to petroleum diesel. It is produced through transesterification reaction between vegetable oil or animal fats and alcohol. The process faces various problems related to the immiscible nature of the reactants causing poor mass transfer rate. This drawback is...

Cultivating microalgae at industrial scale for biodiesel production required substantial amount of mineral fertilizer, typically nitrogen and phosphorus. In fact, the production of mineral fertilizer implies the usage of energy and fossil fuels resulting to unsustainable practise in a long term....

Modern transportation nowadays has evolved into an important economic activity for human civilisation. Even though various alternative energy solutions have been put forward to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, biofuels remain one of the few options which are capable of replacing the roles...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is not the gas that gives the most severe global warming impact among the greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, its highest annual emission into the atmosphere makes it the most imperative anthropogenic GHG. This elevated emission is primarily coming from fossil fuel power...

The energy crisis has become a crucial issue. The rapid depletion of the fossil fuels has driven the world to utilize renewable energy (RE) sources. To develop RE industries, the Malaysian government has been continuously reviewing its energy policy and undertaking intensive efforts to ensure...

Southeast Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to the global warming threats. Although it is not the main global carbon dioxide (CO2) producer, its emission will become significant if there is no action taken. CO2 sources of Southeast Asia are mainly contributed by electricity and heat...

Similarity between the properties of biodiesel and petroleum-derived diesel has made the former one of the most promising alternatives to a renewable and sustainable fuel for the transportation sector. In Malaysia, palm oil can be a suitable feedstock for the production of biodiesel due to its...

The world has been relying on fossil fuels as its primary source of energy. This unsustainable energy source is not going to last long and thus, gradual shift towards green renewable energy should be practiced. In Malaysia, even though fossil fuel dominates the energy production, renewable...

For the past few decades, palm oil has gone through a revolution that few would have predicted. From a humble source of edible oil that was heavily criticized as being un-healthy and un-fit for human consumption, it has proven itself based on scientific findings that it is indeed one of the most...

In this review, the potential of supercritical fluids (SCF) as a sustainable route for biodiesel production was discussed and compared with conventional catalytic reactions. Although the advantages of catalyst-free SCF process are apparent, there are concerns regarding the huge energy required...