This study investigates the impact of internal and external research and development (R&D) on the innovation … stronger for Indian SMEs. The negative relationship between firm size and innovation output implies that SMEs in both countries …&D has been examined for both countries. The study is unique in comparing Indian and Pakistani SMEs innovation activities …

framework welfare can be increased by subsidizing either an industry’s sales or process innovations. An earlier innovation date … increases the price that is charged up to that innovation date, but decreases it afterwards, when process innovation costs … depend on the date of innovation. Hence the welfare effect might be negative. This paper will be the first that sets up a …

production efficiency due to high competition and market specificity. A comparative analysis of EU economies showed a lower level … technological advancements in specific areas. We also discuss the implications for innovation and industrial policy actions. …