Starting on the 24th of April, 2011, the Romanian government offered to subsidize all potential buyers of electric vehicles, both private and corporate, offering 25% off of the retail price up to 5000 euros with no pollution tax. The Romanian government encourages all governmental institutions...

At present, Lithuania is facing many fundamental transformations in the energy sector and in the whole economy. The rational and efficient use of all energy carriers in all stages of the energy sector is a permanent objective of the Lithuanian energy policy. Energy conservation can be understood...

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is considered as an important key technology towards efficient energy supply. While CHP is used in industrial systems for a long time, in domestic energy supply CHP technologies are penetrating recently. Domestic energy supply systems with CHP plants...

Forest residues can be left at the harvest site to gradually decompose, or can be collected for energy purposes. This study analyzes the primary energy and climate impacts of bioenergy systems where forest residues are collected and used for electricity, heat and transportation, compared to...

Cumulative energy demand (CED) estimates from life cycle assessments (LCAs) are increasingly used to determine energy return on investment (EROI), but the difference in indicators can lead to a misclassification of energy flows in the assessment. The core idea of EROI is to measure the relation...

This paper investigates the breakdown of primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of two common types of exterior walls in the U.K.: insulated concrete form (ICF) and cavity walls. A comprehensive assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of each exterior...

We decompose the contribution of five drivers of energy use and CO2 emissions reductions in achieving climate change goals over 2005–2100 for various climate policy scenarios. This study contributes to the decomposition literature in three ways. First, it disaggregates drivers of energy demand...

The primary energy consumption in residential buildings is determined by the envelope thermal characteristics, air change, outside climatic data, users’ behaviour and the adopted heating system and its control. The new Italian regulations strongly suggest the installation of centralized...

The Portuguese electricity mix is undergoing a significant shift away from the technologies that have dominated generation for the past decades. This article aims at assessing the environmental life-cycle impacts of electricity generation and supply in Portugal (PT), including: (i) modeling the...

The consumption of primary energy is often used to compare energy systems from a sustainability viewpoint at regional, national or even world level. For such comparisons to be “fair” and meaningful, this implies, however, to define primary energies in a coherent way for all the various...