The sustainable development principle was introduced into the Polish legal system when the New Constitution was adopted in Poland in 1997. Paradoxically, in Poland - one of the few countries which have introduced the concedpt of SD at the level of the Constitution, it is difficult to find a...

A budget surplus arises in a country when the total revenue earnings surpass expenditures in a particular financial year. Having a budget surplus is very important in the sense that it brings about a decrease in the net public debt, while the public debt is increased in the event of a budget...

This text presents a critical review of theoretical approaches to Foreign Direct Investment. Since, in recent years, the contribution of emerging markets to FDIhas increased (especially on less advanced markets), it is interesting to define how the existing theory can explain the new players...

This paper analyzes, structural budget surplus (SBS) rule evidence for the Chilean economy. We examine its effect on macroeconomic variables, such as credit worthiness, output volatility, policy effectiveness ,and welfare level gains over time due to economic growth. Thus, SBS becomes a public...

We consider statistically independent non-identical subsystems with different entropic indices q1 and q2. A relation between q1, q2 and q′ (for the entire system) extends a power-law for entropic index as a function of distance r. A few examples illustrate a role of the proposed constraint...

An entropic measure for the analysis of grey level inhomogeneity (GLI) is proposed as a function of length scale. It allows us to quantify the statistical dissimilarity of the actual macrostate and the maximizing entropy of the reference one. The maximums (minimums) of the measure indicate those...

The statistical measure of spatial inhomogeneity for n points placed in χ cells each of size k×k is generalized to incorporate finite size objects like black pixels for binary patterns of size L×L. As a function of length scale k, the measure is modified in such a way that it relates to...

On the basis of a model system of pillars built of unit cubes, a two-component entropic measure for the multiscale analysis of spatio-compositional inhomogeneity is proposed. It quantifies the statistical dissimilarity per cell of the actual configurational macrostate and the theoretical...

The postwar experience has shown that the implanting of European consciousness, or Europeanness, calls for coordinated efforts among the European institutions, national states, and NGOs. Such consciousness, a key pillar of the European integration, is necessary for the EU to effectively function...

This article discusses the chances and vulnerabilities of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on two main levels: the small and medium sector at a local level; and big corporations at the macro and international levels. The modern understanding of the definition of CSR is also analyzed. This...