Developed countries apply different security mechanisms in regulation to protect pension benefits: solvency requirements, a pension guarantee fund, and sponsor support. We compare these mechanisms for a generalized form of hybrid pension schemes. We calculate the expected log return for the...

This paper compares two different types of annuity providers, i.e. defined benefit pension funds and life insurance companies. One of the key differences is that the residual risk in pension funds is collectively borne by the beneficiaries and the sponsor's shareholders while in the case of life...