Many nations have undergone significant trade liberalization in the last twenty years even as they have increased their use of contingent protection measures. This raises the question of whether some of the trade liberalization efforts, at times accomplished through painful reforms, have been...

The literature on antidumping (AD) has documented various aspects of thisprotectionist tool. However, a peculiar feature of AD has not receivedmuch attention: these measures are endogenous to the behavior of theexporting firms, which can adjust the dumping margin by changing theirexport price...

This paper shows that uncertainty can lead firms to follow a gradual internationalizationprocess. We describe a model in which firms are uncertain abouttheir ability to earn profits in a foreign market and must decide whether or notto serve it, and whether to do so through exports or foreign...