La lt;lt;cocirculationgt;gt; implique l`utilisation habituelle de deux ou plusieurs monnaies agrave; l`inteacute;rieur d`une mecirc;me eacute;conomie. Cette eacute;tude examine les meacute;thodes permettant d`eacute;valuer l`importance de la circulation des monnaies eacute;trangegrave;res dans une...

quot;Co-circulationquot; involves the regular use of two or more currencies within an economy. This paper examines methodologies to measure the extent to which foreign currencies are circulated within an economy. Ample anecdotal evidence exists that the U.S. dollar, DM, and other currencies are...

Comprehensive coverage of national accounts estimates is important; however, it is often thwarted by gaps in the recording of economic activity - the so-called unrecorded economy. This paper sets out pragmatic statistical approaches for incorporating the unrecorded economy in the national...

Keeping in view that it is a conventional practice to classify dividend policy into three mutually exclusive groups -- residual, independent and simultaneous models -- and being fully aware that the basic idea of the residual dividend policy is that firms consider their investment and financing...

The accurate forecast of the foreign currencies exchange rates at the ultra high frequency electronic trading in the foreign currencies exchange markets is a main topic of our research: 1) the present state of the foreign currencies exchange markets in Asia, Europe and North America; 2) the...

The study presents the main results of our primary research on the investment perspectives of the firms of the Northern Greece. Based on the Greek Population Census 2011, we allotted 300 questionnaires to the regional units of the Northern Greece and then, we distributed them to the biggest –...

The 2019 Triennial Survey shows that trade execution has undergone rapid change, with more diverse participants, new technologies and increasing complexity. Electronification advanced the fastest in dealer-to-customer trading. Dealers and customers navigated a highly fragmented market by...

The latest BIS Triennial Survey shows that global foreign exchange trading increased to more than $6 trillion per day. Trading bounced back strongly following a dip in 2016, buoyed by increased trading with financial clients such as lower-tier banks, hedge funds and principal trading firms....

Permanent and widespread psychological biases affect both the subjective probability of future economic events and their retrospective interpretation. They may give rise to a systematic gap between (over-critical) judgments and (over-optimistic) expectations – the ‘‘forecast” error. When...