the Benin region of colonial Nigeria. Farmers initially obtained land by traditional methods. Mature farmswere assets that … for food crops. -- Africa ; Nigeria ; tree crops ; rubber ; land tenure ; land conflict … faced disputes with competing claimants and the state. I show that the introduction of Para rubber had similar effects in …

the Benin region of colonial Nigeria. Farmers initially obtained land by traditional methods. Mature farmswere assets that … faced disputes with competing claimants and the state. I show that the introduction of Para rubber had similar effects in … could be sold, let out, and used to raise credit. Disputes over rubber involved smallholders, communities of rival users …

the Benin region of colonial Nigeria. Planters initially obtained land by traditional methods. Mature plantations were … faced disputes with competing claimants and the state. I show that the introduction of Para rubber had similar effects in … assets that could be sold, let out, and used to raise credit. Disputes over rubber involved smallholders, communities of …

Although Nigeria's Benin region was a major rubber producer in 1960, the industry faltered before 1921. I use labor … scarcity and state capacity to explain why rubber did not take hold in this period. The government was unable to protect Benin …'s rubber forests from over-exploitation. Plantations found it difficult to recruit workers, and the government was unwilling to …