cost pass-through is by far the prevailing behaviour of German energy-intensive sectors participating in the EU Emissions … induced by the EU ETS are therefore likely to be absorbed through a reduction of profit margin, creating incentives to …

This paper explores the ability of European refineries to pass-through costs associated with the introduction of the EU … Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). We estimated a sequence of vector error correction models (VECM) within a multi …-national setting which covers 14 EU member states. Using weekly data at the country level, this paper finds a significant influence of …

of North America in the size of fines imposed on cartels. While there are glimmers of change afoot, the EU's fight … private actions. Unlike the United States, EU law does not permit sanctions to be imposed on cartel managers, nor is this …