surmises that oppositions will reduce agitations when shocks are anticipated (elections). In contrast, when unanticipated …

Economists have recently turned their attention to the effects of terrorism. One much debated effect of terrorist … attacks is its impact on the results of democratic elections. We use the electoral consequences of the terrorist attacks of … three consecutive Congressional elections. Our empirical results indicate that a terrorist attack can have a large impact on …

successful political parties while simultaneously carrying out terrorist attacks. Yet the relationship between terrorism and a … civilians when they simultaneously participate in democratic elections. I argue that attacking civilians is not good for …

.S. Presidential elections. They model this situation as a signaling game in which a population of receivers takes a binary choice, the …