for cointegration and causality from both exports and imports to output and total factor productivity over the period 1960 … causality tests indicate positive effects of exports on both output and TFP, where imports influence output only. In addition …

properties, we applied the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the system-wise Rao’s F-test with bootstrap simulation …-test reveals strong unilateral causality running from real income to health care expenditure in Malaysia. …

to 1993, using cointegration techniques and the direction of causality relationship in the long and short runs between … the variables through integrating the Error Correction Model (ECM) into the traditional Granger causality test. A Granger … non-causality test (due to Toda and Yamamoto) is also performed. Unit root tests have been applied in order to investigate …

by using Johansen's cointegration analysis and Granger causality tests. Unit root test procedures such as Augmented … software package. Findings – Results show that cointegration exists significantly in futures and spot prices for all the …, soybean and sugar. The causality test further distinguishes and categorizes the commodities based on direction of relationship …

This study aims to determine the direction of causality between national income and government expenditures for twelve …, Slovenia, and Slovakia. Support for the hypothesis that causality runs from government expenditures to national income has been … found only in the case of Bulgaria and Cyprus. The results of Granger causality tests indicate that Wagner’s law is …

existence of a long-run relationship between import demand and its determinants. We also present evidence of one-way causality … Nigeria. However, when structural breaks were introduced, bi-directional causality is observed; indicating the critical role …

affect it in Malaysia over a long run. The Granger causality results reveal that technology innovation Granger-cause economic …