The 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act set energy conservation and efficient, equitable electricity rates as national goals. The decision on whether to implement innovative rates to meet these goals was turned over to state public service commissions, but not all states implemented the...

Students often exhibit overconfident grade expectations and tend to overestimate the actual course grade at the completion of a course. Current theories of student motivation suggest such overconfidence may lead students to study less than if they had accurate grade perceptions. The authors...