The inertia of traded goods' local currency prices in the face of exchange rate changes is a well-documented phenomenon … the incomplete transmission of exchange rate changes to prices. The approach is applied to micro data from the beer market …. We find that (a) wholesale prices appear more rigid than retail prices; (b) price adjustment costs on average account for …

Conventional wisdom suggests that producer prices are more rigid than consumer prices and therefore play less of a role … for the producer price index, we find that producer prices for finished goods and services in fact exhibit roughly the … same rigidity as consumer prices that include sales and substantially less rigidity than consumer prices that exclude them …