Parliamentary and presidential systems dffer in the way citizens elect politicians in the executive power. In the first case they do it indirectly through the legislative power and in the second they do it directly. The main consequence of this is that ticket-splitting and divided governments...

Political decentralization involves an incentive game in which the President and regional authorities have to share power to provide public goods. In such a game, it is never reasonable to allocate political power to appointed Governors. In fact, when formal authority goes to the President...