The Baltic Free Trade Agreement (BFTA) was signed in 1993, took effect on April 1, 1994, and is intended to be the first step in the formation of a customs union. However, agricultural products (agriculture, food industry, and fisheries) were excluded from the initial text, which provided that a...

Issues, choices, and strategies in the transformation of collective and state farms in transition economies are explored. Analysis includes how other reforms have an impact on the transition in farming systems and farm structure. Economic forces to direct the changing structure of farming to the...

The Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are undertaking rapid economic and structural reforms affecting the food and agricultural sectors. The environmental problems related to agriculture now and in the recent past are more in the area of chemical and animal waste runoff than in...

One of the central themes of the Food Security Act of 1985 (FSA85) is to make the United States more competitive in exporting agricultural commodities. The means to achieve this objective include lower loan rates, marketing loan provisions, and export credits and subsidies. The comprehensive...

A simultaneous equation model of the soybean sector in Taiwan is developed and estimated. The model integrates domestic supply and demand for soybeans, soymeal, and soyoil, in addition to the livestock market. The impacts of economic growth and policy changes upon the soybean market are...

What agricultural opportunities may be opened to countries such as Egypt due to the liberalization of world trade? This paper discusses the effects of changes in market access, domestic support, and export competition outlined in the recent General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and...

Endogenizing the exchange rat in trade models over the period of fixed and flexible exchange rate systems poses an econometric problem in the estimation because of the fixity of the exchange rate under the fixed exchange rate system. An econometric technique, the grafted polynomial approach, is...

Three alternatives for 1990 farm legislation are examined: (1) a continuation of current legislation; (2) small reductions in producer support levels that are phased in after a two-year delay; and (3) more significant policy reforms that include immediate support reductions for grains and...

Agricultural policies in most countries are aimed at protecting agents involved in food production or consumption from a variety of undesirable outcomes, including: price and/or political instability, food shortages, declining agricultural income and the resulting rural-urban migration. The...

From the implementation of the New Order government's first five-year development plan (Repelita I) in 1969 until the mid-189s, the overriding objective of Indonesian food policy was to increase rice production so as to make the country self-sufficient, at a relatively high level of consumption,...