sub-standard economic performance. They are: long-term trends in world commodity prices, volatility, crowding out of …

sub-standard economic performance. They are: long-term trends in world commodity prices, volatility, crowding out of …

world commodity prices, volatility, crowding out of manufacturing, civil war, poor institutions, and the Dutch Disease. The …

sub-standard economic performance. They are: long-term trends in world commodity prices, volatility, crowding out of …

, growth depends negatively on volatility of unanticipated output growth independent of initial income, investment, human … on growth is swamped by the indirect negative effect through volatility. Third, with well developed financial sectors …, the resource curse is less pronounced. Fourth, landlocked countries with ethnic tensions have higher volatility and lower …