Why was risk management not effective in preventing financial institutions from bubbles in the past? 1. Because the emerge of the bubbles were not recognized at all. 2. Because risk managers did not have sufficient authority to stop the nonsense....

Operational risk is fundamentally different from all other risks taken on by a bank. It is embedded in every activity and product of an institution, and in contrast to the conventional financial risks (e.g. market, credit) is harder to measure and model, and not straight forwardly eliminated...