after accounting for the impact of child penalties. While 2 ⁄3 of the total effect of cohabitation is due to partnered women … having higher fertility than unpartnered women, an income penalty of 5% is directly due to cohabitation, and not due to … children. Cohabitation also reduces women's propensity to work evenings and weekends, and to hold a second job. The effects are …

forms such as civil unions and cohabitation allows couples to choose alternatives to marriage, which in turn weakens the … benefits of marriage. Lower dependency allows greater voice, and lowers the cost of exiting a marriage. The diversity of family … institution of marriage. Alternatively, the divorce rate in Japan is low compared to the U.S. and Europe because dependency …

We use elementary game-theoretical concepts to compare domestic equilibria with and without marriage. In particular, we … examine the effects of marriage legislation, matrimonial property regime, and divorce court sentencing practice, on the … decision to marry, and on the choice of game conditional on marriage. We find that, in the absence of social stigma or legal …

mixed, but generally indicates that those reforms played only a modest or temporary role in generating trends in marriage …

experience delayed marriage, higher divorce, and lower earnings. Results corroborate the theory's implication that marriage and … earnings and marriage penalties …