One of the strengths of DEA in the measurement of technical efficiency is that it readily accommodates multiple … outputs and inputs. We demonstrate the approach by applying it to measure the technical efficiency of national rail systems in …

. We undertake a systematic empirical analysis of productivity in the Indian Railways—the world’s largest employer subject … increasing the representation of members of marginalized communities in jobs comes at the cost of reduced productive efficiency … have reduced efficiency in the railway system. We find no evidence for such an effect; indeed, some of our results suggest …