The European Union’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) initiative, which is set to introduce ex ante regulatory rules for “gatekeepers” in online platform markets, is one of the most important pieces of legislation to emanate from Brussels in recent decades. It not only has the potential to...

While the content of margin squeeze has been largely provided by the case-law of European courts detailing how the foreclosure of competitors occurs as a direct result of its usage, some key conceptual issues have remained unresolved. These issues are not confined to how to identify abusive...

This article presents and analyses the results of a large-scale empirical study in which over 11,000 consumers from ten countries in five continents were surveyed about their use, perceptions and understanding of online platform services. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first...

The General Court has rendered judgment on DG COMP's Google Android Decision, upholding all relevant parts. In the Decision, Google was doled a record fine for abusing the Android Mobile Operating System to protect its cash cow, the de facto control over internet advertisements. However, only...

The matter of digital platforms and their treatment in competition law have attracted much attention. Not only through investigations into Google, Face-book and Amazon, but also with the issuing of several reports. The antitrust debate surrounding digital platforms is huge and encompasses...

States and their representatives, national governments, play a key role in national telecommunication markets. As lawmakers, they determine the playing field of the agents in the markets and the decision powers of national regulators. Simultaneously, they are involved in appointing presidential...

The interplay of infrastructure supply and demand is of central interest in line with Web 2.0. As the role of customers turns from a service users' role to an information providers' role, the traffic on existing lines increases and, simultaneously, customers' demand for high-quality...

One important concern for the upcoming and highly-complex voluntary incentive auctions for broadcast television spectrum is the degree to which the largest mobile wireless providers will be allowed to participate. Recently, the U.S. Department of Justice encouraged the Federal Communications...

The future of the information society crucially depends on investments in upgrading existing infrastructures and building new networks. Traditional cost-based regulation, which focuses on issues of static efficiency and service-based competition necessarily has negative effects on innovation...