The most common reason for scrapping a wind turbine in Denmark is to make room for a newer turbine. The decision to scrap a wind turbine is then highly dependent on an opportunity cost that comes from the interaction of scarce land resources, technological change and changes in subsidy policy....

The general opinion among power industry representatives and electricity market analysts is that the Nordic electricity market has worked well. The purpose of this paper is to explore why the Nordic electricity market has performed well and to consider to what extent the Nordic experiences are...

In this paper we develop an optimization model to derive static hedge positions for hydropower producers with different risk characteristics. Previous research has primarily considered dynamic hedging; however, static hedging is the common choice among hydropower producers because of its...

System reliability is a key aspect of electricity supply, and the ability to maintain system reliability thus is an important aspect of a liberalised electricity market. But system reliability can be ensured only if there is sufficient reserve capacity at all times. In a liberalised electricity...

Heat pumps have rapidly gained popularity in the Nordic area, as they are marketed to provide considerable monetary savings and CO2 emission reductions. Heat pumps are installed even in buildings heated by CHP (combined heat and power production). In this paper we calculate CO2 emission factors...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the regional effects of expansion can be managed under the constraints of voluntary cooperation. This paper studies international cooperation on electricity transmission expansions in a region of countries that shares a joint electricity...

Vor dem Hintergrund wachsender Umweltprobleme im Bereich der Nordsee und der Ostsee ist die Zusammenarbeit der Anrainerstaaten dieser beiden Meere in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten enger geworden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die bestehenden internationalen Umweltabkommen...

This paper demonstrates that cooperation in international environmental negotiations can be explained by preferences for equity. Within a N-country prisoner?s dilemma in which agents can either cooperate or defect, in addition to the standard non-cooperative equilibrium, cooperation of a large...

This paper presents the model of an economy subject to the mass conservation principle. The economic system is related to the environment by a flow of virgin materials into the economy, and by the diffusion of waste into the environment. Ecoefficiency contributes to reducing material waste in...

This paper presents the model of an economy subject to the mass conservation principle. The economic system is related to the environment by a flow of virgin materials into the economy, and by the diffusion of waste into the environment. Ecoefficiency contributes to reducing material waste in...