This paper studies measuring various average effects of X on Y in general structural systems with unobserved confounders U, a potential instrument Z, and a proxy W for U. We do not require X or Z to be exogenous given the covariates or W to be a perfect one‐to‐one mapping of U. We study the...

This paper introduces the concepts of time-specific weak and strong cross section dependence. A double-indexed process is said to be cross sectionally weakly dependent at a given point in time, t, if its weighted average along the cross section dimension (N) converges to its expectation in...

Structural equation models (SEM) are commonly used to analyze the relationship between variables some of which may be latent, such as individual ``attitude'' to and ``behavior'' concerning specific issues. A number of difficulties arise when we want to compare a large number of groups, each with...

The dynamics of employment in final services depends on a set of economic, social and cultural factors. On the other hand, the increase in the population incomes (and the influence of some national factors) leads to an increase in the demand for services. However, the relatively poor...

The present study approaches the dynamic correlation between GDP and the gross fixed capital formation, based on the use of ICOR (incremental capital output ratio) indicator in order to determine the required investment volume for the period 2005-2008, under various efficiency conditions,...

The aim of the paper is to relax distributional assumptions on the error terms, often imposed in parametric sample selection models to estimate causal effects, when plausible exclusion restrictions are not available. Within the principal stratification framework, we approximate the true...

Random fields are stochastic processes indexed by a multidimensional parameter. They possess some interesting properties, e.g. isotropy and the Markov property, and satisfy laws of large numbers and weak convergence theorems under fairly general conditions. As such, random fields provide a...

The development of a general inferential theory for nonlinear models with cross-sectionally or spatially dependent data has been hampered by a lack of appropriate limit theorems. To facilitate a general asymptotic inference theory relevant to economic applications, this paper first extends the...

This paper investigates spatio-temporal variations in ex-post credit risk in the United States, as a function of real estate prices, loan purchases made by government sponsored enterprises, and a set of local characteristics during the recent housing boom and bust.