other venues. In particular, the Securities and Exchange Commission has articulated the growing problem of firm managers … whether investors are adversely influenced when firm managers provide only a partial explanation for a firm's financial …

Managers conducting earnings conference calls display distinctive styles in their word choice. Some CEOs and CFOs are … find earnings news less informative when managers are vague; they respond less and more slowly as a result. Thus …

–2001, we examine whether managers temporarily alter the frequency and tone of their disclosures during proxy contests. Broadly … of disclosure, managers increase the frequency of forward-looking voluntary disclosures during the proxy contest relative … to the pre-proxy period. After the proxy contest is resolved, managers decrease forward-looking voluntary disclosures. We …

Managers conducting earnings conference calls display distinctive styles in their word choice. Some CEOs and CFOs …