[eng] Agricultural deficiencies and European food dependency. . Western Europe, before the War, relied on food imports from all other regions to cover its basic consumption needs. Whereas this pattern originated in Europe's domination on world production and international trade networks, it was...

Comparing the degree of openness of different national economies or the variations of openness during different periods is a difficult task. Using the historical data existing for France since the beginning of the 19th century, we try to show how an accurate and consistent picture of the gradual...