The theoretical backgrounds of external fragmentation of production are resumed in the work paint main attention at the European countries and OECD experimental studies. Strategy framework of penetration of local intermediate products in global value chains is not developed in the country. The...

Ukraine's choice of European association and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with the EU over membership in the Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) advocated by Russia has plunged the country into chaos and led to the most serious security crisis in Europe since the end of the Cold...

Enhancing regional economic integration, both across Member States and with their neighbours in the Asia-Pacific region, has become an important priority in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Building on the ASEAN Free Trade Area, ASEAN has been implementing the ASEAN Economic...

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector in Indonesia is recently developing in a rapid way. However, there are still some obstacles to widen its market and to compete in the field of business. Financial Services Authority (FSA) is legalizing crowdfunding system to be implemented in...

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a large trade negotiation among 16 countries of Asia Pacific which aims to cover goods, services, investments, economic and technical cooperation, competition and intellectual property rights among these nations. The 16 RCEP countries include...

The UK is struggling to maintain a powerful global position against a backdrop of the British public having a longstanding difficulty in appreciating the benefits of EU membership. The success of the ‘leave' EU campaign has created huge uncertainty over future ties with the EU. The...

[The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) presents strong potential to mold regional trade and investment patterns well into the future and to influence the direction of global economic cooperation at a challenging time. This paper provides detailed estimates on the effects of the...

The Whitehall Briefing (leaked in January but only officially released this month) is not the last word on the potential long-term economic impact of Brexit, despite claims from others that it ‘proves’ GDP will be lower in ‘all’ scenarios. As the report itself says, it is only ‘draft...

Like most decisions about Brexit, the choice of future customs arrangements is about getting the trade-offs right. Remaining in a customs union with the EU would not just prevent disruptive border checks. It would also allow tariff-free trade to continue after the UK left the Single Market, and...

The US is likely to be at ‘the front of the queue’ for a new trade deal with the UK after Brexit. This would require the UK to escape the constraints of the EU’s Customs Union and also be free to diverge from EU regulations. But if these two conditions are not met, many would question...