(PDM) that aims at minimising longer-term cash-flow based borrowing costs at an acceptable level of risk. The study … borrowing environment cost-risk optimality requires the use of a broader cost concept than employed in the standard micro …. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the standard cost-risk framework of the micro portfolio approach is nested within this …

Credit grades are ordinal measures of default risk that are used to rank the relative creditworthiness of different ….For quantitative modeling, credit grades are best viewed as multipliers on a fluctuating aggregate default risk . Experience shows that … the scale is roughly logarithmic, with each full-letter drop in credit grade roughly quadrupling the default risk. The …

We assess the impact of geopolitical risk and world uncertainty on the sovereign debt risk of 26 European Economies … European country's sovereign risk as measured by 5- and 10-year Credit Default Swaps (CDS) and bond returns. Moreover, this …

study uses a comprehensive approach to assess the impact of rising geopolitical risk on sovereign debt holdings for a panel … investor's portfolios. Our results allow us to conclude that while domestic economic agents display clearer risk aversion …, foreign economic agents have a more risk-taking behaviour in what concerns the financial investment on government debt. …

This study examines the effects of geopolitical risk and global uncertainty on energy prices, conditioned by different …

events such as the arrival of silver fleets. We show that this allowed for effective risk-sharing between the king and his …