First: we explain, within the context of a theoretically consistent model, what are the fundamental external and internal determinants of the real effective exchange rate of Germany. Second: we explain how one should view the real effective exchange rate in evaluating the competitiveness of the...

This paper provides a consistent theoretical framework to explain the fundamental determinants of the evolution in the medium to longer run of the real effective exchange rate of the United States relative to the currencies of the other G-7 countries. The fundamental determinants are...

The standard literature concerning intertemporal optimization in international finance is based upon certainty equivalence, and ignores risk and uncertainty. It therefore is not helpful concerning risk management and evaluation of the risk involved in the holding of international short-term...

Data on the credit rating of bonds issued in the first half of the 1990s suggest that investors in emerging market securities paid little attention to credit risk, or that they were comfortable with the high level of credit risk that they were incurring. The literature in international finance...