Examiner citations to a patent are stronger predictors than applicant citations of a widely used measure of patent value: whether a patent has been (or will be) renewed.

Scholars studying innovation have proposed several different models of the adoption process. This essay identifies two broad dimensions which differentiate the principal models: the strength of the evidence regarding an innovation's efficacy and the extent of increasing returns. In this essay,...

An essential aspect of "catching up" by developing countries is the emulation of technological leaders and the rapid accumulation by individuals and organizations of the knowledge and capabilities needed in order to sustain processes of technical learning. The rates and patterns of development...

Patent law both imposes a duty on patent applicants to submit relevant prior art to the PTO and assumes that examiners use this information to determine an application's patentability. In this paper, we examine the validity of these assumptions by studying the use made of applicant-submitted...

This study investigates how national institutions influence innovation in a science-based industry. The context is the biotechnology industry in the United States and France, two countries with strong scientific and financial resources, but very different experiences in innovating from...