This article examines the claim that there are two different and often incompatible ‘worlds' within which contractual relationships can be placed-a real world created by the parties and an artificial world created by contract law and formal contract documents. This distinction, often made by...

The notion of the 'reasonable expectations of the parties' plays an important justificatory role in contract law, yet the notion has not been subjected to any sustained analysis in the contract law literature. This article examines the various roles that reasonable expectation plays in contract...

English contract law provides the invisible framework that underpins and enables much contracting activity in society, yet the role of the law in policing many of our contracts now approaches vanishing point. The methods by which contracts come into existence, and notionally create binding...