For the last two decades, the increase of employment among cohorts of individuals aged 50+ has been a policy objective on the European employment agenda. The present paper takes stock of the situation as observed in Belgium over the time period 1997-2011. First, we provide analysis on the...

In 2007 Jordan lacked the financial resources and experience to embark on a renovation and expansion of its international airport, a colossal public-private undertaking. Yet by 2013 it was able to successfully complete the complex endeavor in collaboration with a private sector concessionaire,...

This note explores the way traditional banks and financial technology companies, or Fintech’s, interact in Africa and Asia, and their ability to offer innovative digital financial services that grant unbanked individuals access to financial transactions. The Fintech sector is experiencing...

The financing needs of emerging markets are enormous. Sectors such as infrastructure, small business, and housing are vital to a nation’s sustainable development and require substantial financing support. Since these sectors primarily generate revenues in local currency, foreign currency...

Private sector investment is much needed in emerging markets to upgrade energy supplies, but too often power utilities in these markets are uncompetitive. In order to attract private investment, many aspects of how power utilities are operated need to be reformed. With their experience in...

Private sector financing is essential to bridging the infrastructure gap between emerging markets and developed countries. Given the risk profiles of many of these projects, however, private investors are reluctant to help finance important infrastructure investments. Now, new packages of...

Bond markets, though still underdeveloped in Africa, are beginning to emerge as a realistic financing option for private companies looking to invest or expand their operations on the continent. Multilateral development banks can play a critical role in that process by issuing bonds in local...

Self-regulation on diversity of Dutch pension fund boards was introduced in 2010. Our data reveals that gender diversity has only marginally improved since then. We examined the determinants of gender and age diversity of pension fund boards using data from 1,525 pension fund board members of...

How do an economic system’s elementary components aggregate and affect the macro-level performance? How do changes to these micro-level components change the macro-level development of economic vitality? Prior research has not fully addressed these important questions. Built on the broad...

For the last two decades, the increase of employment among individuals aged 50+ has been a policy objective on the European employment agenda. The present paper focuses on the case of Belgium, France, Germany, and The Netherlands over the period 1997–2011. First, we provide descriptive...