Competition between ports depends on inland freight distribution and the spatial structure of the hinterland. With this … variables which express the link between these regions and ports to create a new map of the port hinterland. Besides an improved …, ports and port regions increasingly compete to serve distant hinterlands. In a European context, many researchers refer to …

forces are requiring adjustments and adaptations. Ports are particularly vulnerable because, as intermediaries in complex … to evaluating how ports are impacted. While the conclusion is drawn that ports have lost the means to influence events to …, that require reappraisal of the role of ports in logistical chains on land and water. …

complicated with numerous decision-making criteria that need to be considered, and competition between hub ports has accelerated … multiple competitive hub ports has offered various hub port choices for shipping lines. Therefore, the criteria for hub port … four competitive hub ports located around the Bay of Bengal: Colombo, Singapore, Kelang, and Tanjung Pelepas. The hub port …