This article investigates retailers' choice of foreign markets using a spatial-interaction model that takes into account factors related to the attractiveness of a given market as well as distance to that market. While gravity and spatial-interaction models have a long tradition in retailing...

Foreign subsidiaries are at a disadvantage as compared to domestic enterprises, which is especially the case for emerging market firms in more developed economies. In this paper we apply liability of foreignness (LOF) concept to address the issue of these disadvantages. We consider LOF effects...

Existing evidence on the impact of foreign direct investment on domestic economies remains ambiguous. Positive technology spillovers of foreign investment may be outweighed by negative crowding out effect due to increased competition. In this paper, we employ a unique country/sector-level data...